stranger) × 2 (Item Valence: positive, negative) × 6 (Order: friend-acquaintance-stranger, friend-stranger-acquaintance, acquaintance-friend-stranger, acquaintance-stranger-friend, stranger-friend-acquaintance, stranger-acquaintance-friend) mixed-design ANOVA with Condition and Item Valence as repeated factors. To examine the possibility that participants were affected by the order in which they made their comparative ratings, we conducted a 3 (Condition: self vs. These analyses also failed to reveal any order effects: The ordinal position main effects and two-way Ordinal Position × Item Valence interactions were non-significant.ģ. We also conducted a 2 (Item Valence: positive, negative) × 3 (Ordinal Position: first, second, third) ANOVA for responses within each condition to examine whether, for example, the responses of participants who rated themselves first differed from those of participants who rated themselves second or third. This analysis failed to reveal any effects for order: The order main effect, two-way Order × Condition and Order × Item Valence interactions, and three-way Order × Condition × Item Valence interaction were non-significant. To examine the possibility that participants' responses were influenced by the order in which they made their comparative ratings, we conducted a 3 (Condition: self, friend, acquaintance) × 2 (Item Valence: positive, negative) × 6 (Order: self-friend-acquaintance, self-acquaintance-friend, friend-self-acquaintance, friend-acquaintance-self, acquaintance-self-friend, acquaintance-friend-self) mixed-design ANOVA with Condition and Item Valence as repeated factors. These results suggest that unrealistic optimism is a form of self-enhancement rather than person positivity bias.Ģ. Study 1 revealed that, in comparison with an aggregate of same-sex peers, participants were unrealistically optimistic for their own and a close friend's futures but not for the future of a non-self-relevant other Study 2 employed unconfounded measures and demonstrated that, in comparison with other individual social objects, participants continued to be unrealistically optimistic for their own futures. Two studies examined whether people are unrealistically optimistic only for their own futures or whether they are unrealistically optimistic for the future of any individual. Past research in this area has used a paradigm that confounds the self/other dimension with the individual aggregate dimension, making it difficult to determine which alternative is correct. Researchers interested in unrealistic optimism disagree on whether the phenomenon reflects self-enhancement or person positivity. All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALS
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